Inverter-based resources and grid stability: a comparative study of grid-forming and grid-following control

Abstract

The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources has accelerated the transition from synchronous generator–dominated power systems to grids heavily supported by Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs). Within this transformation, two distinct inverter control paradigms have emerged: Grid-Following Inverters (GFLs) and Grid-Forming Inverters (GFMs). GFLs synchronize to the existing grid voltage and supply controlled active and reactive power, while GFMs establish their own voltage and frequency references, thereby providing system-strengthening services traditionally delivered by synchronous machines. This paper presents an in-depth comparative analysis of GFL and GFM technologies, focusing on their control principles, dynamic performance, stability characteristics, and roles in renewable energy integration. A critical evaluation of their applications, limitations, and hybrid deployment strategies is also provided. The analysis highlights that GFMs are increasingly necessary to enable stable, resilient, and renewable-dominated future grids.