Design and simulation of a sustainable water distribution network in iseyin, southwestern nigeria, using epanet 2.0 hydraulic software

Abstract

Efficient water distribution systems ensure water quality and a reliable supply. In Iseyin, the existing water distribution networks are non-functional, despite recent population growth. This research thus designs and simulates a sustainable water distribution network for Iseyin town Southwestern Nigeria, using the Environmental Protection Agency Network (EPANET) 2.0 software to enhance water resources management. Climatic data such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, rainfall days, sunlight, and evaporation rate values were obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency between 2014 - 2024. Population data were sourced from the National Population Commission and projected for 50 years using the geometric mean approach. Water samples from Atoori and Ajumoda reservoirs were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. Water demand and Water Quality Index (WQI) were estimated. The water distribution network was simulated using EPANET software to compute demand, pressure, velocity, and headloss at 1:00, 12:00, and 24:00 hours. Annual climatic conditions revealed that temperature ranged from 23.90°C to 28.40°C, precipitation from 7.00 mm to 188.00 mm, humidity from 47% to 85%, rainfall days from 1 to 19, sunlight hours from 3.30 to 8.90, and evaporation from 9.21 mm to 17.19 mm. The projected population of 1,491,036 by 2052 yields a total water demand of 213,005,142.86 Lpd. WQI indicates that Ajumoda was moderately polluted in the rainy season but excessively polluted in the dry season, with WQI of 73.03 and 303.89, respectively. In contrast, Atoori was excessively polluted in both rainy and dry seasons, with WQI of 261.74 and 498.29, respectively. The simulated network at different times indicates that Atoori has greater fluctuations in demand, headloss, and pressure. This study emphasizes optimizing reservoirs, pressure regulation, and responsive network design to address variations.